> H-Net demonstrates three important results on language modeling:
> 1. H-Nets scale better with data than state-of-the-art Transformers with BPE tokenization, while learning directly from raw bytes. This improved scaling is even more pronounced on domains without natural tokenization boundaries, like Chinese, code, and DNA.
> 2. H-Nets can be stacked together to learn from deeper hierarchies, which further improves performance.
> 3. H-Nets are significantly more robust to small perturbations in input data like casing, showing an avenue for creating models that are more robust and aligned with human reasoning.
I don't know if this is the one but something like this is clearly the future IMO. We need more levels of hierarchy to efficiently generalize to longer sequences with high level structure. Back when Byte Latent Transformers came out I thought extending the idea to more levels of hierarchy was the way to go, and this seems to be basically that?
I've only skimmed the paper, but it looks interesting and credible, so I've added it to my reading list.
Thank you for sharing on HN!
---
EDIT: The hierarchical composition and routing aspects of this work vaguely remind me of https://github.com/glassroom/heinsen_routing/ but it has been a while since I played with that. UPDATE: After spending a bit more time on the OP, it's different, but the ideas are related, like routing based on similarity.
Hand wavy idea: I wonder if we couldn't take this to another level and have some kind of general graph representation along with hierarchical reductions of it.
I sort of disagree with the assertion that "language is fundamentally hierarchical" in that it supposes there is a single abstraction hierarchy that's universally preferable or correct. That's just not true. It doesn't hurt anybody and it's definitely simpler to choose just one useful one (a hierarchy) but why learn only one? Why not learn multiple and also learn how to modulate between them?
> 3. H-Nets are significantly more robust to small perturbations in input data like casing, showing an avenue for creating models that are more robust and aligned with human reasoning.
If it forms a hierarchy (a tree), it seems like it wouldn't be robust to rearranging the information in a prompt.
eg if your request has a long list or a table of data, all the different permutations of that will create different trees even though they're actually the same thing.
>The best AI architectures in use today treat all inputs equally.
Doesn't this architecture also treat all inputs equally? It seems like an encoder that preprocesses the input by inferring hierarchy. But don't all models essentially do that while training?
If I understand correctly, each level of the hierarchy divides its input into chunks of variable size, but outputs a fixed amount for each chunk. The chunking is learned. The model can choose to compress data by making its input chunks bigger, depending on their content.
As far as I understand the "chunking" of input bytes is learned completely end to end, so it's basically up to the model to figure out how to most efficiently delineate and aggregate the information from the inputs according to the patterns provided to it during training.
Since it's end to end this allows them to apply this process not only to raw byte encodings but basically representations of any level, such as stacking two stages of aggregation one after another.
So in principle they could either let the model do its thing on raw bytes of an image or alternatively maybe cut it up into tiny patches ViT-style and feed that to their H-Net.
I wonder how hard would it be to adapt chunking to work in 2D and what would that even look like.
Some other notes on how multimodal inputs could be handled using this architecture are mentioned in Albert Gu's (one of the author's) blog, although only briefly, there's still much to figure out it would seem: https://goombalab.github.io/blog/2025/hnet-future/#alternati...
You can make image networks (unet-like things) by chunking rectangles in 2D (with some convolution steps)... I wonder if there is an image-specific architecture a bit like this that could possibly work well?
Perhaps something like this: https://neurips.cc/virtual/2024/poster/94115 Though I haven't looked up what their actual tokenization strategy is, and whether switching to hierarchical (H-Net) chunks would be possible.
Their architecture uses a mix of Transformer and Mamba layers. The question isn't whether it will replace Transformers, but whether it'll become part of the toolkit or whether it'll get abandoned like many other promising approaches.
> H-Net demonstrates three important results on language modeling:
> 1. H-Nets scale better with data than state-of-the-art Transformers with BPE tokenization, while learning directly from raw bytes. This improved scaling is even more pronounced on domains without natural tokenization boundaries, like Chinese, code, and DNA.
> 2. H-Nets can be stacked together to learn from deeper hierarchies, which further improves performance.
> 3. H-Nets are significantly more robust to small perturbations in input data like casing, showing an avenue for creating models that are more robust and aligned with human reasoning.
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.07955
paper
I don't know if this is the one but something like this is clearly the future IMO. We need more levels of hierarchy to efficiently generalize to longer sequences with high level structure. Back when Byte Latent Transformers came out I thought extending the idea to more levels of hierarchy was the way to go, and this seems to be basically that?
Another article about H-Nets: https://main-horse.github.io/posts/hnet-inf/
Yes... This seems like a generalization of "large concept models" in a certain way
I've only skimmed the paper, but it looks interesting and credible, so I've added it to my reading list.
Thank you for sharing on HN!
---
EDIT: The hierarchical composition and routing aspects of this work vaguely remind me of https://github.com/glassroom/heinsen_routing/ but it has been a while since I played with that. UPDATE: After spending a bit more time on the OP, it's different, but the ideas are related, like routing based on similarity.
No problem! I'm still parsing it myself, but it seems promising in theory, and the result curves are impressive.
Hand wavy idea: I wonder if we couldn't take this to another level and have some kind of general graph representation along with hierarchical reductions of it.
I sort of disagree with the assertion that "language is fundamentally hierarchical" in that it supposes there is a single abstraction hierarchy that's universally preferable or correct. That's just not true. It doesn't hurt anybody and it's definitely simpler to choose just one useful one (a hierarchy) but why learn only one? Why not learn multiple and also learn how to modulate between them?
> 3. H-Nets are significantly more robust to small perturbations in input data like casing, showing an avenue for creating models that are more robust and aligned with human reasoning.
If it forms a hierarchy (a tree), it seems like it wouldn't be robust to rearranging the information in a prompt.
eg if your request has a long list or a table of data, all the different permutations of that will create different trees even though they're actually the same thing.
I haven’t read fully yet, but it reminds me of some work I’ve done. https://github.com/jamestexas/papers/blob/main/bread/paper.m...
>The best AI architectures in use today treat all inputs equally.
Doesn't this architecture also treat all inputs equally? It seems like an encoder that preprocesses the input by inferring hierarchy. But don't all models essentially do that while training?
If I understand correctly, each level of the hierarchy divides its input into chunks of variable size, but outputs a fixed amount for each chunk. The chunking is learned. The model can choose to compress data by making its input chunks bigger, depending on their content.
Seems likely to be relevant for memory formation/consolidation/management.
Big, if so.
How does it handle images?
As far as I understand the "chunking" of input bytes is learned completely end to end, so it's basically up to the model to figure out how to most efficiently delineate and aggregate the information from the inputs according to the patterns provided to it during training.
Since it's end to end this allows them to apply this process not only to raw byte encodings but basically representations of any level, such as stacking two stages of aggregation one after another.
So in principle they could either let the model do its thing on raw bytes of an image or alternatively maybe cut it up into tiny patches ViT-style and feed that to their H-Net.
I wonder how hard would it be to adapt chunking to work in 2D and what would that even look like.
Some other notes on how multimodal inputs could be handled using this architecture are mentioned in Albert Gu's (one of the author's) blog, although only briefly, there's still much to figure out it would seem: https://goombalab.github.io/blog/2025/hnet-future/#alternati...
Thanks for sharing this blog post is a great speculative deep-dive.
You can make image networks (unet-like things) by chunking rectangles in 2D (with some convolution steps)... I wonder if there is an image-specific architecture a bit like this that could possibly work well?
Perhaps something like this: https://neurips.cc/virtual/2024/poster/94115 Though I haven't looked up what their actual tokenization strategy is, and whether switching to hierarchical (H-Net) chunks would be possible.
it mentions native multimodality somewhere in either the Arxiv or post -- seems like it might handle it well?
As Mamba didn't make it, will H-Nets replace Transformers?
It's meant to replace the BPE tokenizer piece, so it isn't a full Language Model by itself.
In fact in Gu's blog post (linked in a post below) it's mentioned that they created a Mamba model that used this in place of the tokenizer.
Their architecture uses a mix of Transformer and Mamba layers. The question isn't whether it will replace Transformers, but whether it'll become part of the toolkit or whether it'll get abandoned like many other promising approaches.