You can transfer EXIF information, including the rotation info, with either exiftool or ImageMagick into a thumbnail, to let other software know how to display it correctly.
If you want to rotate a jpeg yourself (which is easily done with "magic in.jpg rotate 90 out.jpg" and, of course, other software) but lossless, there's https://jpegclub.org/jpegtran/ which accomplishes it.
When generating rotated thumbnails (without caring for "lossless") the best strategy in my experience is to first rotate the large original image and then generate the thumbnail afterwards, because image resizing will most often hide any rotation artifacts anyways.
But it seems that if you are re-encoding the image anyways it is best to just generate it in the "correct" orientation and skip this metadata. Emitting the metadata seems mostly useful if you are trying to avoid re-encoding the image.
Or is there a benefit to generating the thumbnail in the original rotation then preserving the metadata?
Sure, generating the "correct" format would be a good decision. When you change pixel orientation, you'll need to either update or clear the EXIF orientation info to reflect the new pixel data.
Rotation metadata might be helpful in (larger) thumbnails when images are displayed on mobile devices and responsive web pages. Metadata is easy to transfer, at least when scripting with Exiftool or ImageMagick.
Is jpeg the only format which can be “rotated losslessly” in this way, ie without exif metadata (and excluding any obvious formats like bitmaps or whatever can be trivially rotated) ?
From what I know it can't be "rotated losslessly" in all cases, only if the dimensions of the images are multiples of the MCU which are block of pixels whose size is determined by the chroma subsampling. Ex.: With the common "4:2:0" subsampling the MCU is 16x16 the image's height and width must be exactly multiples of 16, otherwise I think it's just visually lossless and uses some tricks that I'm still not sure how they work.
Both PNG and Webp exist in lossless formats which can be easily rotated without loss of quality. Jpeg is different, because its internal structure consists of 8x8 blocks (which, BTW, can be rotated lossless if both sides of the image are multiples of 8, iirc.
For photos all these assumptions are rather theoretical IMO, because modern cameras create images in sizes which almost always have to be reduced in size for viewing, unless one wants to pixel-peep.
One good reason to keep the raw data and orientation separate is hardware calibrations. I see some discussion here along the lines of "why not just flip the data before saving it", and one counter-argument is that you should store the flip metadata anyways, as it important to trace which hardware pixel corresponds to which stored pixel. I realize this information is not vital for everyone, but it is super useful in fields where you need to characterize the hardware performance at the pixel level (for example astronomy).
I'm sure there's very good reasoning but I've never been able to convince myself of it - why does EXIF transform metadata exist? If you're taking a selfie, why doesn't the camera itself perform a simple rotation or mirror of the actual image data rather than using EXIF?
One reason I can think of: when you rotate an image in the windows photo viewer (and probably lots of other apps), it stores that in the EXIF metadata. So the rotation is lossless, by not having to re-compress the JPEG.
I could also imagine that the earliest digital cameras wouldn't have had the processing power, or RAM to store the entire image in memory after reading it from the sensor, in order to do such a rotation. Hence EXIF rotation as a cheap alternative.
You can rotate (in 90 degree increments) and mirror jpgs losslessly. I assume it doesn't require much ram or compute since you're just reordering the blocks.
Having read that article, I'd say this is not really an honest takeaway. I mean, I guess it is lossless, it just really flies in the face of what I'd consider reasonable baseline expectations.
They offer three "solutions" to the issue of partial blocks:
- cut them off and stop worrying about it
- show whatever the original JPEG encoder put there and stop worrying about it
- replace whatever the original JPEG encoder put there and stop worrying about it
I cannot imagine anyone honestly considering these and then shipping them. It's fine if the user manually consents, but automated, this is pretty objectionable. Extending the image in arbitrary ways or cutting off of it is really not what I'd expect from a codec to do when I ask it to perform a lossless transformation, particularly specific ones, like flip and rotate, which I'd expect to be outright periodic. And periodicity is violated immediately with the dimensions changing.
Considering I'd need to enumerate every single sensor in former or current production to answer that, that's a very good question indeed. I have no idea dude.
Are all JPEGs photos, following sensor pixel dimensions?
You need to appreciate how little RAM and CPU power those cameras have.
As far as cost:
Applying the right tag: 0
Anything else: not 0
Why not include a faster CPU or more RAM? In an industry where people pick one product over the other because of a $10 price difference, you’re never going to convince management to approve the better CPU when a tag solves the problem.
These are hardware companies. They look at software as a nuisance. “fix it in software” is for the downstream.
Because there are times when it is useful to be able to quickly and losslessly rotate a photo. For example an image viewer might provide quick options to rotate a photo (in case it did end up rotated the wrong way originally).
Probably this should just have been part of the actual image format rather than metadata, but that isn't how it played out.
> why doesn't the camera itself perform a simple rotation or mirror
There could be various reasons. The simplest is that adjusting the rotation naturally happens later in the pipeline than lossy encoding. You don't want to re-encode for quality and performance reasons so just slap on the metadata. The other could be that it is less expensive to avoid rotating. In many cameras the encoding is handled by specialized hardware, adding a way to rotate the raw pixels is likely more expensive than always having the source pixel map to the same input pixel in the encoder. There is no hard reason it couldn't be done, but in many situations it is cheaper to do it this way.
I think it does this after the photo has already been stored as JPEG. I think users would expect the image be persisted the moment you capture it, so any transformations after that are better done in metadata. When the image has been saved as JPEG the original image data is discarded so you can't transform without deteriorating the image.
A quick search suggests to me that it's only a lossless process if the image dimensions are a clean integer multiple of 8 or 16 (as the blocks can be 8x8, 8x16, 16x8, or 16x16), otherwise the edges must be reencoded. Never written a JPEG codec though, so happy to be proven wrong.
This is true, and others have mentioned it, but I think people are underestimating just how universal sensor dimensions being a multiple of 16 is — I really can’t think of any exceptions.
I don't know why I should have a preference when it comes to the memory layout of an image. If metadata tells be to orient it this way, I'll orient it this way, if that way, then that way. It seems weird and wasteful to me (and potentially prone to error) to want to reorder the data in order to change the display orientation.
I can only imagine caring when it comes to streaming a very large image serially, and then I still have no idea what preference I would have (other than that I get the metadata first.)
As an analogy, if I have some irreplaceable video that has a bad aspect ratio, I fix it in the metadata, I don't transcode it. The data is a blob, the metadata is what tells me how to display it (even if it's just the mimetype.)
I too have always found this strange but I have never found a solid reason. Having an explicit declaration of intent is not a terrible feature in a data type so this is not exactly a bad choice. Also this means that a camera roll from a single sensor can be stored as an array in C since every image has the exact same size. It also does make life easier for the camera developers (but harder for photo viewer developers). If anyone knows the history here I would actually really be interested.
I ran into the same issue when working with image processing in Go using libvips.
By default, libvips ignores EXIF orientation too, so I had to explicitly read and apply the orientation tag before doing any resize or crop. Otherwise users ended up with upside-down processed images from photos.
Glad to see this is getting better in Rust.
Thanks so much for the clarification and for the great work on libvips!
In my Go project I’m using the Golang library github.com/davidbyttow/govips/v2.
Images are loaded via `vips.NewImageFromFile()`, which internally calls `vips_image_new_from_file()`.
However, `NewImageFromFile()` doesn't support any flags or options beyond the image path, so for JPEGs I manually call `AutoRotate()` before resizing, which wraps `vips_autorot()` — and that works well.
The rexif crate supports editing, so you can apply rotation when resizing, and then remove the rotation tag from the EXIF data. Keeping EXIF isn't necessary for small thumbnails, but could be desirable for larger versions of the image.
Probably for a higher-level crate, (like the one the author wrote), but it adds computational complexity, and you don't want that by default with a low level crate like `image`.
For example, if you wanted to blur or grayscale an image, do you really want to rotate it? When you re-save it, you'll have to remove the exif rotation metadata too.
If it's all in rust you can maybe probably compile it to wasm with out much effort. Kinda depends what libraries they used / how they factored their code etc.
You can transfer EXIF information, including the rotation info, with either exiftool or ImageMagick into a thumbnail, to let other software know how to display it correctly.
If you want to rotate a jpeg yourself (which is easily done with "magic in.jpg rotate 90 out.jpg" and, of course, other software) but lossless, there's https://jpegclub.org/jpegtran/ which accomplishes it.
When generating rotated thumbnails (without caring for "lossless") the best strategy in my experience is to first rotate the large original image and then generate the thumbnail afterwards, because image resizing will most often hide any rotation artifacts anyways.
But it seems that if you are re-encoding the image anyways it is best to just generate it in the "correct" orientation and skip this metadata. Emitting the metadata seems mostly useful if you are trying to avoid re-encoding the image.
Or is there a benefit to generating the thumbnail in the original rotation then preserving the metadata?
Sure, generating the "correct" format would be a good decision. When you change pixel orientation, you'll need to either update or clear the EXIF orientation info to reflect the new pixel data.
Rotation metadata might be helpful in (larger) thumbnails when images are displayed on mobile devices and responsive web pages. Metadata is easy to transfer, at least when scripting with Exiftool or ImageMagick.
Is jpeg the only format which can be “rotated losslessly” in this way, ie without exif metadata (and excluding any obvious formats like bitmaps or whatever can be trivially rotated) ?
From what I know it can't be "rotated losslessly" in all cases, only if the dimensions of the images are multiples of the MCU which are block of pixels whose size is determined by the chroma subsampling. Ex.: With the common "4:2:0" subsampling the MCU is 16x16 the image's height and width must be exactly multiples of 16, otherwise I think it's just visually lossless and uses some tricks that I'm still not sure how they work.
Both PNG and Webp exist in lossless formats which can be easily rotated without loss of quality. Jpeg is different, because its internal structure consists of 8x8 blocks (which, BTW, can be rotated lossless if both sides of the image are multiples of 8, iirc.
For photos all these assumptions are rather theoretical IMO, because modern cameras create images in sizes which almost always have to be reduced in size for viewing, unless one wants to pixel-peep.
One good reason to keep the raw data and orientation separate is hardware calibrations. I see some discussion here along the lines of "why not just flip the data before saving it", and one counter-argument is that you should store the flip metadata anyways, as it important to trace which hardware pixel corresponds to which stored pixel. I realize this information is not vital for everyone, but it is super useful in fields where you need to characterize the hardware performance at the pixel level (for example astronomy).
I'm sure there's very good reasoning but I've never been able to convince myself of it - why does EXIF transform metadata exist? If you're taking a selfie, why doesn't the camera itself perform a simple rotation or mirror of the actual image data rather than using EXIF?
One reason I can think of: when you rotate an image in the windows photo viewer (and probably lots of other apps), it stores that in the EXIF metadata. So the rotation is lossless, by not having to re-compress the JPEG.
I could also imagine that the earliest digital cameras wouldn't have had the processing power, or RAM to store the entire image in memory after reading it from the sensor, in order to do such a rotation. Hence EXIF rotation as a cheap alternative.
You can rotate (in 90 degree increments) and mirror jpgs losslessly. I assume it doesn't require much ram or compute since you're just reordering the blocks.
https://www.betterjpeg.com/lossless-rotation.htm
Having read that article, I'd say this is not really an honest takeaway. I mean, I guess it is lossless, it just really flies in the face of what I'd consider reasonable baseline expectations.
They offer three "solutions" to the issue of partial blocks:
- cut them off and stop worrying about it
- show whatever the original JPEG encoder put there and stop worrying about it
- replace whatever the original JPEG encoder put there and stop worrying about it
I cannot imagine anyone honestly considering these and then shipping them. It's fine if the user manually consents, but automated, this is pretty objectionable. Extending the image in arbitrary ways or cutting off of it is really not what I'd expect from a codec to do when I ask it to perform a lossless transformation, particularly specific ones, like flip and rotate, which I'd expect to be outright periodic. And periodicity is violated immediately with the dimensions changing.
Does the issue of partial blocks come up for any real world sensor sizes?
Considering I'd need to enumerate every single sensor in former or current production to answer that, that's a very good question indeed. I have no idea dude.
Are all JPEGs photos, following sensor pixel dimensions?
You need to appreciate how little RAM and CPU power those cameras have.
As far as cost:
Applying the right tag: 0
Anything else: not 0
Why not include a faster CPU or more RAM? In an industry where people pick one product over the other because of a $10 price difference, you’re never going to convince management to approve the better CPU when a tag solves the problem.
These are hardware companies. They look at software as a nuisance. “fix it in software” is for the downstream.
There are sort of two questions here:
> why does EXIF transform metadata exist?
Because there are times when it is useful to be able to quickly and losslessly rotate a photo. For example an image viewer might provide quick options to rotate a photo (in case it did end up rotated the wrong way originally).
Probably this should just have been part of the actual image format rather than metadata, but that isn't how it played out.
> why doesn't the camera itself perform a simple rotation or mirror
There could be various reasons. The simplest is that adjusting the rotation naturally happens later in the pipeline than lossy encoding. You don't want to re-encode for quality and performance reasons so just slap on the metadata. The other could be that it is less expensive to avoid rotating. In many cameras the encoding is handled by specialized hardware, adding a way to rotate the raw pixels is likely more expensive than always having the source pixel map to the same input pixel in the encoder. There is no hard reason it couldn't be done, but in many situations it is cheaper to do it this way.
I think it does this after the photo has already been stored as JPEG. I think users would expect the image be persisted the moment you capture it, so any transformations after that are better done in metadata. When the image has been saved as JPEG the original image data is discarded so you can't transform without deteriorating the image.
Pretty sure you can rotate JPEG images lossless. But it’s still simpler to just modify metadata.
A quick search suggests to me that it's only a lossless process if the image dimensions are a clean integer multiple of 8 or 16 (as the blocks can be 8x8, 8x16, 16x8, or 16x16), otherwise the edges must be reencoded. Never written a JPEG codec though, so happy to be proven wrong.
This is true, and others have mentioned it, but I think people are underestimating just how universal sensor dimensions being a multiple of 16 is — I really can’t think of any exceptions.
I don't know why I should have a preference when it comes to the memory layout of an image. If metadata tells be to orient it this way, I'll orient it this way, if that way, then that way. It seems weird and wasteful to me (and potentially prone to error) to want to reorder the data in order to change the display orientation.
I can only imagine caring when it comes to streaming a very large image serially, and then I still have no idea what preference I would have (other than that I get the metadata first.)
As an analogy, if I have some irreplaceable video that has a bad aspect ratio, I fix it in the metadata, I don't transcode it. The data is a blob, the metadata is what tells me how to display it (even if it's just the mimetype.)
I too have always found this strange but I have never found a solid reason. Having an explicit declaration of intent is not a terrible feature in a data type so this is not exactly a bad choice. Also this means that a camera roll from a single sensor can be stored as an array in C since every image has the exact same size. It also does make life easier for the camera developers (but harder for photo viewer developers). If anyone knows the history here I would actually really be interested.
I ran into the same issue when working with image processing in Go using libvips. By default, libvips ignores EXIF orientation too, so I had to explicitly read and apply the orientation tag before doing any resize or crop. Otherwise users ended up with upside-down processed images from photos. Glad to see this is getting better in Rust.
Hello, libvips author here, the JPEG loader has a flag to do this for you. You can write:
VipsImage *image = vips_image_new_from_file("something.jpg", "autorotate", TRUE, NULL);
and it'll flip it upright for you and remove any EXIF orientation tag. It isn't the default since it has (obviously) a large memory and cpu cost.
For simple resize and crop it's much better to use the exif tag to adjust the resize and crop parameters (the vipsthumbnail command does this).
Thanks so much for the clarification and for the great work on libvips!
In my Go project I’m using the Golang library github.com/davidbyttow/govips/v2.
Images are loaded via `vips.NewImageFromFile()`, which internally calls `vips_image_new_from_file()`. However, `NewImageFromFile()` doesn't support any flags or options beyond the image path, so for JPEGs I manually call `AutoRotate()` before resizing, which wraps `vips_autorot()` — and that works well.
Thanks again!
The rexif crate supports editing, so you can apply rotation when resizing, and then remove the rotation tag from the EXIF data. Keeping EXIF isn't necessary for small thumbnails, but could be desirable for larger versions of the image.
Wouldn't it make more sense if `image::open()` automatically applied the orientation by default?
Applying rotation can have a large performance penalty (both cpu and memory), so you want to be able to avoid it if possible.
Probably for a higher-level crate, (like the one the author wrote), but it adds computational complexity, and you don't want that by default with a low level crate like `image`.
For example, if you wanted to blur or grayscale an image, do you really want to rotate it? When you re-save it, you'll have to remove the exif rotation metadata too.
a wasm port available?
If it's all in rust you can maybe probably compile it to wasm with out much effort. Kinda depends what libraries they used / how they factored their code etc.