I think there is real value in going smaller/limiting resources. The trend is 'just make the weights bigger and throw more data at it'. It is a MBA's view of winning. We have a knob, keep turning it. It does work but it may not drive as much creativity as resource limits can drive. It is like urban growth boundaries in city planning. If you aren't allowed to 'just expand' you are forced to build more intelligently inside the city and those creative solutions often lead to major improvements.
You are right only in so far that it is more economical.
But it is not the MBA's view of winning, it's just one potential conclusion you could draw from the bitter lesson of Machine Learning. As long as the need for more intelligence outpaces the economics of using intelligence, you'll get bigger models. This idea that small, fine-tuned models can outperform bigger models capabilities wise is mostly misinformed. They are genuinely good at other metrics, but sadly more actually means better in ML-land (most of the time at least).
I don’t think there’s a fundamental reason that performance has to be monotonic in model size or even training FLOPs. At least I don’t think it’s been proved to be so, so I think “misinformed” is a bit premature and sort of makes GP’s point.
There’s evidence that model size and representational capacity are not exactly the same, and that scale is maybe more important for learning than it is for representation (past a point). Consider the early work from the current neural scaling paradigm. The Chinchilla scaling study shows that smaller models can match the performance of larger models by training longer.
To GP’s point, if everyone is exploiting the scaling lever, few resources are being allocated to finding more efficient training algorithms that could let us work with right-sized models instead of pulling the scaling lever as hard as we can afford to.
I’ll end with a dramatic example from my field of materials science (which admittedly might not strictly generalize to LLMs). A lot of the field is pursuing the model scaling strategy, and it’s still paying off. But [0] recently reported competitive accuracy with much smaller models that run faster and can address much larger problems. The model architecture is pretty much the same, but they use a different training strategy and really focus on data quality
I'm not saying that it is impossible for a more advanced model and training paradigm to outperform a larger model, what I'm saying is that if you leave everything the same except model size, the larger model nearly always outperforms the smaller one. This is intuitively true if you consider that you can fit in the smaller model + extra parameters into a larger model. There are some cases in which it doesn't work due to dataset/model size incompatibilities leading to overfitting, this is mostly covered by the neural scaling laws.
Based on a quick cursory glance at your example: Better data + better technique led to a better result with less parameters. Would you assume that then scaling both the dataset and model once again would lead to even better results? If you haven't fully encompassed the underlying distribution with datapoints, intuition says yes.
What I wanted to initially highlight was actually something slightly different: Specifically that people keep trying to "outsmart" optimizers by either fully hand-crafting solutions or skewing existing machine learning algorithms via additional tricks that are supposed to encode "human intuition" or something similar (to be fair there are ways to do it correctly). These all tend to fall short in a few years simply due to "line go up" being stupidly effective (compute getting cheaper, more training data being available, better optimization strategies, better architectures) [0]
Specifically this idea of small fine tuned LoRA models falls into the trap quite often: People assume you can beat the big, slow, general purpose LLMs with a small highly specialized model that has been fine tuned on the "good" human intuition of your special inhouse dataset.
LoRA can do great things, but it is often misunderstood what LoRA actually does.
My point with the force field example wasn’t to argue against neural scaling as a valid strategy, it totally is effective and a lot of groups are doing it. But I feel like we might be talking past each other a bit.
What I’m pushing back on is what I think is a sort of one-dimensional view of Sutton’s bitter lesson. People seem to equate it with model scaling, but there are lots of general ways to leverage computation that don’t involve just scaling models and supervised training datasets up. For example Sutton’s first example is straight up search, no parameters at all.
The point of the force field example is that it seems you don’t need billions of parameters to represent the functions we’re interested in, but with small models it’s harder to find those functions by pushing harder on the standard training algorithms, and that maybe some different algorithm that leverages computation more effectively could do so.
I totally agree with what you're saying. Your point about other methods to leverage computation is true and important.
But that's exactly my claim: Smaller models can win on the computational efficiency front, but not the overall capability front. And as long as compute is getting cheaper, investing in more efficiency while there are still major capability on the table isn't a good business strategy.
Smaller, efficient models could lead to some really interesting things though especially considering it could lead to some Jevon's paradox like moment. To be honest, I feel like the biggest issue in regards to LLM usage in practice is that the patterns of use aren't really well developed. Yes we have agents, but it's still somewhat unclear what an agent can "do" - People seem to mostly focus on replacing some kind of existing process with an agent driven one, but actually coming up with AI-native processes is way harder.
I especially wonder about the quality of N big models in a delegation harness against M smaller models in a delegation harness with N and M tuned to use the same amount of total compute. (So a few agents of big models against a lot of big models). I wouldn't be surprised if the advantages of delegation and the corresponding compression of context outweighs the lower quality of the smaller models.
Or put differently a wide exploration of long chains of obvious insights might be more valuable than a more narrow exploration of shorter chains of deeper insights. But perhaps that is a wrong sense of the difference between a small model and a large model.
A deeply ironic comment which associates <THING YOU DON'T LIKE> with <GROUP YOU DON'T LIKE> due to complete ignorance about the group. An MBA would never approve a technique with basically unlimited capex. So I hate to break it to you but "bigger weights" is 100% the computer scientist's view of winning because everything is an "abstraction".
Inspired by parameter golf and speedrun approaches I make the case for picking loss functions like a wallclock for LoRA on AI safety targets. The result when I tried it was a functional distillation of an Sparse AutoEncoder into a 5.3MB probe. I have a technical writeup below about it if anyone is interested.
I think the idea is interesting though, although I wonder if training time for LoRA is such a bottleneck to deserve its own, extremely narrowly scoped, leaderboard. Maybe if it was more tasks or more models we could hope that it transfers? With a single task, and a single model, I’d be afraid of this overfitting pretty heavily.
For NanoGPT, I think the idea always was that the ideas can be transferred to much larger models, or serve as stepping stones for investigations on larger models.
That's fair on both points. Much of this was built with AI, but the runs and numbers are real.
They are also reproducible, so I would prefer to be judged on that. And yes, using a single model and task can lead to overfitting. The plan is to add more tracks, including bigger models and other tasks, so a technique only matters if it transfers. Right now, it's just the initial track, so your concern is valid.
Thanks for the feedback.
AI generates or not - irrelevant if the substance is high quality. Always good to see projects.
You should consider hosting this leaderboard on hugging face, you will get a lot more AI enthusiasts and practitioners there.
As an author: show me why you thought this was interesting and why you’re doing it, and why you think it’s relevant. What does it build towards? What does climbing this leaderboard mean to me?
Absent those things, this is just some thing my opus could generate as well.
I fine-tune small models with limited resources, but it's hard to tell which speedup claims are real. Each method, like DoRA, rsLoRA, Unsloth, or packing tricks, uses different models, data, and hardware in their reports.
This makes it impossible to really check their claims in practice.
The only way I've seen these debates settled is by using a fixed task and having someone act as a referee. That's what nanoGPT's speedrun did for optimizers.
The goal is to make a public record that shows which training tricks really save time and which ones don't work when tested again. Each record should explain how the method works, so over time, the leaderboard becomes a kind of lab notebook.
As more records are added, the leaderboard serves both as a ranking and as a detailed log of what was tried. I agree, and that's my next step: adding a second track with a different model family and task (SmolLM2 + SQuAD), so we can actually test if these methods transfer instead of just promising they do.
Honestly, your opus could probably build the framework too. But a leaderboard is more than just code. It also depends on someone being willing to review submissions for cheating, make decisions when things aren't clear, and keep adding new records even months later. That part can't be automated; it needs to be maintained by people.
Reading the title, for a moment I thought this would be something about a LoRA serial data bridge over RF and an actual physical wall clock, possibly some novel new homebuilt piece of hardware to display perfectly accurate NTP synchronized time or something.
Yes but what are LoRAs being tested for / trying to do in this case? I couldn't find any information there about what the actual output goal is for the LoRAs. Speed doing what?
The AI slop "why" section in the readme is completely useless. I struggle with this too. I start every project doc with a "why" then "overview" section, and AI is still horrendously bad at the "why", filled with vapid corpo/tech startup speak. I usually write the "why" myself, or at least put down the outline to be completed.
I think there is real value in going smaller/limiting resources. The trend is 'just make the weights bigger and throw more data at it'. It is a MBA's view of winning. We have a knob, keep turning it. It does work but it may not drive as much creativity as resource limits can drive. It is like urban growth boundaries in city planning. If you aren't allowed to 'just expand' you are forced to build more intelligently inside the city and those creative solutions often lead to major improvements.
You are right only in so far that it is more economical.
But it is not the MBA's view of winning, it's just one potential conclusion you could draw from the bitter lesson of Machine Learning. As long as the need for more intelligence outpaces the economics of using intelligence, you'll get bigger models. This idea that small, fine-tuned models can outperform bigger models capabilities wise is mostly misinformed. They are genuinely good at other metrics, but sadly more actually means better in ML-land (most of the time at least).
I don’t think there’s a fundamental reason that performance has to be monotonic in model size or even training FLOPs. At least I don’t think it’s been proved to be so, so I think “misinformed” is a bit premature and sort of makes GP’s point.
There’s evidence that model size and representational capacity are not exactly the same, and that scale is maybe more important for learning than it is for representation (past a point). Consider the early work from the current neural scaling paradigm. The Chinchilla scaling study shows that smaller models can match the performance of larger models by training longer.
To GP’s point, if everyone is exploiting the scaling lever, few resources are being allocated to finding more efficient training algorithms that could let us work with right-sized models instead of pulling the scaling lever as hard as we can afford to.
I’ll end with a dramatic example from my field of materials science (which admittedly might not strictly generalize to LLMs). A lot of the field is pursuing the model scaling strategy, and it’s still paying off. But [0] recently reported competitive accuracy with much smaller models that run faster and can address much larger problems. The model architecture is pretty much the same, but they use a different training strategy and really focus on data quality
0: https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.21286
I'm not saying that it is impossible for a more advanced model and training paradigm to outperform a larger model, what I'm saying is that if you leave everything the same except model size, the larger model nearly always outperforms the smaller one. This is intuitively true if you consider that you can fit in the smaller model + extra parameters into a larger model. There are some cases in which it doesn't work due to dataset/model size incompatibilities leading to overfitting, this is mostly covered by the neural scaling laws.
Based on a quick cursory glance at your example: Better data + better technique led to a better result with less parameters. Would you assume that then scaling both the dataset and model once again would lead to even better results? If you haven't fully encompassed the underlying distribution with datapoints, intuition says yes.
What I wanted to initially highlight was actually something slightly different: Specifically that people keep trying to "outsmart" optimizers by either fully hand-crafting solutions or skewing existing machine learning algorithms via additional tricks that are supposed to encode "human intuition" or something similar (to be fair there are ways to do it correctly). These all tend to fall short in a few years simply due to "line go up" being stupidly effective (compute getting cheaper, more training data being available, better optimization strategies, better architectures) [0]
Specifically this idea of small fine tuned LoRA models falls into the trap quite often: People assume you can beat the big, slow, general purpose LLMs with a small highly specialized model that has been fine tuned on the "good" human intuition of your special inhouse dataset.
LoRA can do great things, but it is often misunderstood what LoRA actually does.
0: http://www.incompleteideas.net/IncIdeas/BitterLesson.html
My point with the force field example wasn’t to argue against neural scaling as a valid strategy, it totally is effective and a lot of groups are doing it. But I feel like we might be talking past each other a bit.
What I’m pushing back on is what I think is a sort of one-dimensional view of Sutton’s bitter lesson. People seem to equate it with model scaling, but there are lots of general ways to leverage computation that don’t involve just scaling models and supervised training datasets up. For example Sutton’s first example is straight up search, no parameters at all.
The point of the force field example is that it seems you don’t need billions of parameters to represent the functions we’re interested in, but with small models it’s harder to find those functions by pushing harder on the standard training algorithms, and that maybe some different algorithm that leverages computation more effectively could do so.
I totally agree with what you're saying. Your point about other methods to leverage computation is true and important.
But that's exactly my claim: Smaller models can win on the computational efficiency front, but not the overall capability front. And as long as compute is getting cheaper, investing in more efficiency while there are still major capability on the table isn't a good business strategy.
Smaller, efficient models could lead to some really interesting things though especially considering it could lead to some Jevon's paradox like moment. To be honest, I feel like the biggest issue in regards to LLM usage in practice is that the patterns of use aren't really well developed. Yes we have agents, but it's still somewhat unclear what an agent can "do" - People seem to mostly focus on replacing some kind of existing process with an agent driven one, but actually coming up with AI-native processes is way harder.
I especially wonder about the quality of N big models in a delegation harness against M smaller models in a delegation harness with N and M tuned to use the same amount of total compute. (So a few agents of big models against a lot of big models). I wouldn't be surprised if the advantages of delegation and the corresponding compression of context outweighs the lower quality of the smaller models.
Or put differently a wide exploration of long chains of obvious insights might be more valuable than a more narrow exploration of shorter chains of deeper insights. But perhaps that is a wrong sense of the difference between a small model and a large model.
> It is a MBA's view of winning
A deeply ironic comment which associates <THING YOU DON'T LIKE> with <GROUP YOU DON'T LIKE> due to complete ignorance about the group. An MBA would never approve a technique with basically unlimited capex. So I hate to break it to you but "bigger weights" is 100% the computer scientist's view of winning because everything is an "abstraction".
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Inspired by parameter golf and speedrun approaches I make the case for picking loss functions like a wallclock for LoRA on AI safety targets. The result when I tried it was a functional distillation of an Sparse AutoEncoder into a 5.3MB probe. I have a technical writeup below about it if anyone is interested.
https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/PagGF8roBJmjLunsX/competitiv...
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Sadly 100% generated.
I think the idea is interesting though, although I wonder if training time for LoRA is such a bottleneck to deserve its own, extremely narrowly scoped, leaderboard. Maybe if it was more tasks or more models we could hope that it transfers? With a single task, and a single model, I’d be afraid of this overfitting pretty heavily.
For NanoGPT, I think the idea always was that the ideas can be transferred to much larger models, or serve as stepping stones for investigations on larger models.
That's fair on both points. Much of this was built with AI, but the runs and numbers are real. They are also reproducible, so I would prefer to be judged on that. And yes, using a single model and task can lead to overfitting. The plan is to add more tracks, including bigger models and other tasks, so a technique only matters if it transfers. Right now, it's just the initial track, so your concern is valid. Thanks for the feedback.
AI generates or not - irrelevant if the substance is high quality. Always good to see projects. You should consider hosting this leaderboard on hugging face, you will get a lot more AI enthusiasts and practitioners there.
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I understand the feedback in the second paragraph, however I do not understand why we're judging projects by whether they've been AI generated or not.
Have we stopped treating software as a black box? This behavior will only lead to devs moving away from OSS to avoid the AI stigma.
Not the software, the whole thing.
As an author: show me why you thought this was interesting and why you’re doing it, and why you think it’s relevant. What does it build towards? What does climbing this leaderboard mean to me?
Absent those things, this is just some thing my opus could generate as well.
I fine-tune small models with limited resources, but it's hard to tell which speedup claims are real. Each method, like DoRA, rsLoRA, Unsloth, or packing tricks, uses different models, data, and hardware in their reports.
This makes it impossible to really check their claims in practice.
The only way I've seen these debates settled is by using a fixed task and having someone act as a referee. That's what nanoGPT's speedrun did for optimizers.
The goal is to make a public record that shows which training tricks really save time and which ones don't work when tested again. Each record should explain how the method works, so over time, the leaderboard becomes a kind of lab notebook.
As more records are added, the leaderboard serves both as a ranking and as a detailed log of what was tried. I agree, and that's my next step: adding a second track with a different model family and task (SmolLM2 + SQuAD), so we can actually test if these methods transfer instead of just promising they do.
Honestly, your opus could probably build the framework too. But a leaderboard is more than just code. It also depends on someone being willing to review submissions for cheating, make decisions when things aren't clear, and keep adding new records even months later. That part can't be automated; it needs to be maintained by people.
Nice! That sounds a lot more like a mission statement than your actual readme.
Put something like this in the readme, ffs.
Done — the why section is now basically that comment, first person, no filler.
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> Have we stopped treating software as a black box?
When did we begin to? Why?
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Reading the title, for a moment I thought this would be something about a LoRA serial data bridge over RF and an actual physical wall clock, possibly some novel new homebuilt piece of hardware to display perfectly accurate NTP synchronized time or something.
Feels like i'm missing the introduction paragraph in the repo.
What is LoRA in this context? the communication protocol? Or another term appropriated by LLMs? Why the speedrun?
LoRa (Long Range) is a physical radio communication techniche.[1]
LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation) is a parameter-efficient fine-tuning technique for large language models.[2]
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRA_(machine_learning)
Low Rank Adaptation. Google “Lora llm”
Yes but what are LoRAs being tested for / trying to do in this case? I couldn't find any information there about what the actual output goal is for the LoRAs. Speed doing what?
How long it takes to train that particular configuration. The table column is named "train time".
The author responds with reasoning here: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=48975473
The AI slop "why" section in the readme is completely useless. I struggle with this too. I start every project doc with a "why" then "overview" section, and AI is still horrendously bad at the "why", filled with vapid corpo/tech startup speak. I usually write the "why" myself, or at least put down the outline to be completed.
I wish there was an acronym for it that didn't collide with the radio tech.
Honest question when was the radio tech lora on the hn frontpage? Im slightly shocked this still creates such confusion every time
Sigh... Unfortunate naming.
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