As the video points out, there is a hardware/software feedback loop at play here. Since the hardware is deeply pipelined SIMD FPU datapath, the software is hand tuned machine coded transformations. In addition to limiting flexibility (every variation has to be ground out in CUDA), this prevents sparse matrix type optimisations. I predict that a set of general purpose CPUs - non shared memory at this scale - would be a much better use of transistor/power. And you can code that at high level give a CSP style approach such as https://bil-lang.org
I wonder what would "compute" mean if cpus were more efficient at matrix multiplication say 15 years ago. And on the flipside, what it would take to say train a frontier model entirely on cpus in the future.
On the compute side there's the issue of scalability. CPUs are designed to perform a handful of operations at one time. They typically have a small number of dedicated integer, float, and other ALU configurations. Having dedicated matrix multiplication instructions would still lock that to how many matrix-capable ALUs there are in the CPU.
GPUs are designed to process a large number of calculations at once (so they can process triangles in 3D graphics). This makes them good at ML applications as they can process many of the matrix calculations at once. A 4090 has 16,384 CUDA cores (general compute ALUs) and 512 Tensor cores (dedicated matrix compute ALUs); a 5090 has 21,760 CUDA and 680 Tensor cores.
The other issue when training models (and running larger models) is the amount of VRAM (or RAM for CPUs) available. GPUs are limited in this aspect, whereas CPUs can have a lot higher memory. This affects things like batch size and the size of model that can be trained or fine-tuned.
https://unsloth.ai has guides for how to fine-tune existing models like Qwen 3.8 27B, memory requirements, etc.
https://medium.com/@kailaspsudheer/the-transformers-arithmet... has some information on training a base model. A 7B llama model is estimated at taking ~34GB memory for inference at F32, but was observed requiring 96GB memory when training (for the model weights, gradients, activations, and optimizer states).
Note: you can reduce the memory required for training by recomputing the gradients, at a cost of performance/time. You can also do other tricks like performing a QLoRA/LoRA pass on the model then merging that into the model to create a checkpoint.
I don't know what sized model you could train on 64GB/128GB RAM via a CPU.
I wonder what "compute" would mean if CPUs were more efficient at matrix multiplication and vendors had the balls to pair each core to its own dedicated DDR and a star interconnect between.
As the video points out, there is a hardware/software feedback loop at play here. Since the hardware is deeply pipelined SIMD FPU datapath, the software is hand tuned machine coded transformations. In addition to limiting flexibility (every variation has to be ground out in CUDA), this prevents sparse matrix type optimisations. I predict that a set of general purpose CPUs - non shared memory at this scale - would be a much better use of transistor/power. And you can code that at high level give a CSP style approach such as https://bil-lang.org
I think tenstorrent architecture is more like this. A grid of RISC-V cores with local SRAM and vector units.
I wonder what would "compute" mean if cpus were more efficient at matrix multiplication say 15 years ago. And on the flipside, what it would take to say train a frontier model entirely on cpus in the future.
On the compute side there's the issue of scalability. CPUs are designed to perform a handful of operations at one time. They typically have a small number of dedicated integer, float, and other ALU configurations. Having dedicated matrix multiplication instructions would still lock that to how many matrix-capable ALUs there are in the CPU.
GPUs are designed to process a large number of calculations at once (so they can process triangles in 3D graphics). This makes them good at ML applications as they can process many of the matrix calculations at once. A 4090 has 16,384 CUDA cores (general compute ALUs) and 512 Tensor cores (dedicated matrix compute ALUs); a 5090 has 21,760 CUDA and 680 Tensor cores.
The other issue when training models (and running larger models) is the amount of VRAM (or RAM for CPUs) available. GPUs are limited in this aspect, whereas CPUs can have a lot higher memory. This affects things like batch size and the size of model that can be trained or fine-tuned.
https://unsloth.ai has guides for how to fine-tune existing models like Qwen 3.8 27B, memory requirements, etc.
https://medium.com/@kailaspsudheer/the-transformers-arithmet... has some information on training a base model. A 7B llama model is estimated at taking ~34GB memory for inference at F32, but was observed requiring 96GB memory when training (for the model weights, gradients, activations, and optimizer states).
Note: you can reduce the memory required for training by recomputing the gradients, at a cost of performance/time. You can also do other tricks like performing a QLoRA/LoRA pass on the model then merging that into the model to create a checkpoint.
I don't know what sized model you could train on 64GB/128GB RAM via a CPU.
That was the whole point of Project Larrabee, whose ideas survive in AVX.
https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~markhill/restricted/siggraph08_la...
16 years ago, Intel CPUs finally got GPUs integrated inside of them. So they did get better at matrix multiplication 15 years ago.
I wonder what "compute" would mean if CPUs were more efficient at matrix multiplication and vendors had the balls to pair each core to its own dedicated DDR and a star interconnect between.
It could be like the connection machine or something like that.
There is plenty of matrix multiplication in SIMD, but it isn't widely explored.