I don't like the use of the term "misfolding." Firstly, why overload a term when there's no reason to? Secondly, the analogy barely holds. Protein misfolding occurs by chance, as an "accident" of nature. Weight space programming is a targeted operation, with clear intent. It is not an accidental process.
This is totally not what the paper is about, but I immediately thought of the original concept of meme [0]. Since so much content online is LLM generated, if that content is used to train new LLMs, in theory that could serve as a transmission vector of ideas or concepts in a viral fashion. The same way certain memes are more successful in human hosts for various reasons, maybe some are more successful for LLM hosts for whatever reason, like quirks in the RLHF/ finetuning process.
The title says "can" as in the mechanism for such transmission is being explored. It doesn’t say "has." If you leave a door unlocked, people can open it. But depending where you live, you might expect zero people to do so. The internet isn’t a very nice neighbourhood.
I didn’t have the token budget to find the Navier-Stokes blowup. These folks aren’t from a frontier lab. A frontier lab might not want to see research along these lines see the light of day. I think it’s worth having the discussion in honest terms, leaving room for others to prove it more concretely.
I recently spoke with a researcher who was working on a statistical method for model deception detection. They trained Qwen to behave in a nefarious way when prompted with a specific phrase and the model then called a tool in a non-transparent way to the end user, reporting back a non-tool call response in a completely benign manner. This wasn't happening in the 'reasoning' stage, it was at the model weights stage and they were able to 'see' this behavior then before the model even started to parrot back its behavior in human language.
Apparently, based on whatever research or paper they were using as their foundation for this statistical model, they could spot the 'virus'. Perhaps it would be in a similar fashion?
I did ask them whether they thought that there might be advances to the point where these behaviors might be able to evade detection knowing the research was out there to 'see' it. They seemed surprised by that question and didn't have any answer.
Did they (somehow, this seems extremely difficult) notice a pattern in the weights that indicated tampering, or just scan for the known manipulated weights? The former seems really useful and very difficult, while the latter seems less of both.
Something similar to abliteration would work, after all abliteration removes the alignment virus, why not the others? Fine-tuning can be used too, there are many options as long as the weights are available.
On the other hand, nothing can be done to fix closed models, nobody knows how they work, how they select the targets for their attacks or the nature of those attacks - even conventional alignment can introduce dangerous cognitive viruses.
The only way to be sure is to have open weights models with fully open abliteration and fine-tuning - both the process and data.
more eyes would seem to raise the odds of spotting malicious tampering. or at least create the opportunity for people to look for malicious tampering. if the weights are closed then even looking is impossible...
Your logic is exactly what the Linux people were saying. But as we saw due to AI more and more bugs and exploits are being found, some dating back years of releases.
Open weights won't prevent a model from being poisoned because no human understands how the weights actually impact the model.
> Your logic is exactly what the Linux people were saying.
There's nothing wrong with that logic.
> But as we saw due to AI more and more bugs and exploits are being found, some dating back years of releases.
Well, AI helps fixing bugs too and it can also write bug free code with minimal additional effort, so open source not only retains its advantages in the presence of AI, it multiplies them. After the initial (and artificial) hype and bug-fixing efforts things are going to settle down quite nicely.
Closed source, on the other hand, doesn't have the advantage of multiple eyes and minds finding and fixing bugs and the unavailability of the source isn't an advantage either - AI can decompile and understand binary too, so it can find bugs without access to the sources as well.
> Open weights won't prevent a model from being poisoned because no human understands how the weights actually impact the model.
You're using one-sided logic again. If "no human understands how the weights actually impact the model" then viruses would be impossible. Apparently humans understand enough to introduce viruses and that's enough to detect and remove them. It's similar to alignment and abliteration, as I explained above.
> But as we saw due to AI more and more bugs and exploits are being found, some dating back years of releases.
That's by design though. It's just that there's now an exponential increase in the amount of "eyes", in the form of AI agents, looking at the FOSS code to find and fix the bugs.
This definitely seems like a fascinating emerging field of cyber security. Good reason to keep old models around from earlier times. They may be dumb, but they are probably honest, if only because they predate the capabilities to tamper with the weights in these intentionally malicious ways...
This is a terrible slop paper. No virus like behaviour, absolutely nothing like protein folding diseases like prions. Banish these authors to writing listicle slop.
> While the cases explored in this paper do not demonstrate self-propagation or actual offensive capabilities, it is abundantly clear that the building blocks are present and operate reliably in frontier models. While these cases by no means directly establish self-propagation, they clearly show the evidence These cases do not demonstrate self-propagation, but show why imperfect editing capabilities can still pose a security risk.
Seems like the authors didn't take the time to review their own use of AI before publishing.
From the body of the paper:
> Importantly, we do not claim in this paper to have created or demonstrated the equivalent of a virus that primarily operates in weight space.
This seems in direct conflict with the HN headline.
There are many such of vibe-coded "research ideas" just after the weight editing MIT blog appeared. Perhaps, it is because it is so easy to set up experiments for this stuff, and I presume some toy examples may even work from time to time. Also there is nothing virus-like here.
I'm not sure the underlying current of optimism for technology and hope for the future that show had is compatible with the last few years!
On rewatch I think the show should have ended just have the dot com bust. The 'get the band back together and once more into the breech' final theme would have hit harder against that backdrop. After that we'd probably be watching the characters gradually debase their values as technology slowly transformed into a tool of control and oppression and I don't really want to watch that.
Abliteration can be used to remove all viruses, not only the alignment virus. However, only open models can be made virus-free via abliteration, nobody knows how to fix closed models, how they work or how they select the targets for their attacks, nothing can be done for them.
Actually a decent question, though I think there is a bit of negative bias in the underlying assumption.
I would hesitate to guess many more people are using AI to find useful and productive outcomes. They aren't all writing about it. Whenever someone finds a negative outcome for the AIs, then they will rush to publish it.
Overall, the tech is being used in useful ways. I don't write an article every time it solves performance bugs, writes entire features unassisted, resolves production issues, etc.
Who is "we"? Has AI been getting more useless over the last few years, or has it been getting more useful? The arc of recent history certainly seems to be towards greater, not lesser, capabilities.
Academia often produces a lot of complexity. Can not AI simplify this? I don't understand fellow humans anymore. What is meant with a zero-weight virus?
This site has AI features everywhere. There's an AI summary section, and a tooltip to summarize any section you highlight. Didn't see any mention of zero-weight viruses though.
I did. "zero" came up with 0 results. "virus" had:
> Importantly, we do not claim in this paper to have created or demonstrated the equivalent of a virus that primarily operates in weight space. However, we have demonstrated the fundamental operations that form the building blocks of both the method of damage and the method of propagation, and evidence that this may take place in weight space – a realm into which we have almost no insight and a dearth of observability tools
the apparent from the news that broke the other day - you can fuck with the weights and get so many results. so perhaps the headline is - those ablated and improved models you download from some weird sites, may be cursed or at least adulterated without anything suspicious looking on the surface. good news for all the anti-AI crowd, but I fail to see it as news.
i guess the real fun idea was if a model that fucks with weights was itself fucked with such that any model it fucks would become cursed and give it to the next one it edits. but they don't apparently have a proof of that yet.
I don't like the use of the term "misfolding." Firstly, why overload a term when there's no reason to? Secondly, the analogy barely holds. Protein misfolding occurs by chance, as an "accident" of nature. Weight space programming is a targeted operation, with clear intent. It is not an accidental process.
Because prions are scary and they're trying to make it sound scary. No need for a complex theory when a simple one will do.
This is totally not what the paper is about, but I immediately thought of the original concept of meme [0]. Since so much content online is LLM generated, if that content is used to train new LLMs, in theory that could serve as a transmission vector of ideas or concepts in a viral fashion. The same way certain memes are more successful in human hosts for various reasons, maybe some are more successful for LLM hosts for whatever reason, like quirks in the RLHF/ finetuning process.
[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme
They've only observed weight space editing. They haven't proved any sort of "virus". Possible? Sure. But the headline is very misleading
Very misleading post title.
> Importantly, we do not claim in this paper to have created or demonstrated the equivalent of a virus that primarily operates in weight space.
The title says "can" as in the mechanism for such transmission is being explored. It doesn’t say "has." If you leave a door unlocked, people can open it. But depending where you live, you might expect zero people to do so. The internet isn’t a very nice neighbourhood.
I didn’t have the token budget to find the Navier-Stokes blowup. These folks aren’t from a frontier lab. A frontier lab might not want to see research along these lines see the light of day. I think it’s worth having the discussion in honest terms, leaving room for others to prove it more concretely.
All the more reasons for openweights and model hashing.
And it's going to help spot the "virus" how?
I recently spoke with a researcher who was working on a statistical method for model deception detection. They trained Qwen to behave in a nefarious way when prompted with a specific phrase and the model then called a tool in a non-transparent way to the end user, reporting back a non-tool call response in a completely benign manner. This wasn't happening in the 'reasoning' stage, it was at the model weights stage and they were able to 'see' this behavior then before the model even started to parrot back its behavior in human language.
Apparently, based on whatever research or paper they were using as their foundation for this statistical model, they could spot the 'virus'. Perhaps it would be in a similar fashion?
I did ask them whether they thought that there might be advances to the point where these behaviors might be able to evade detection knowing the research was out there to 'see' it. They seemed surprised by that question and didn't have any answer.
Did they (somehow, this seems extremely difficult) notice a pattern in the weights that indicated tampering, or just scan for the known manipulated weights? The former seems really useful and very difficult, while the latter seems less of both.
I didn't ask and they didn't directly say; but, from what I took away from the conversation it was direct observation of the weights.
Something similar to abliteration would work, after all abliteration removes the alignment virus, why not the others? Fine-tuning can be used too, there are many options as long as the weights are available.
On the other hand, nothing can be done to fix closed models, nobody knows how they work, how they select the targets for their attacks or the nature of those attacks - even conventional alignment can introduce dangerous cognitive viruses.
The only way to be sure is to have open weights models with fully open abliteration and fine-tuning - both the process and data.
more eyes would seem to raise the odds of spotting malicious tampering. or at least create the opportunity for people to look for malicious tampering. if the weights are closed then even looking is impossible...
Your logic is exactly what the Linux people were saying. But as we saw due to AI more and more bugs and exploits are being found, some dating back years of releases.
Open weights won't prevent a model from being poisoned because no human understands how the weights actually impact the model.
> Your logic is exactly what the Linux people were saying.
There's nothing wrong with that logic.
> But as we saw due to AI more and more bugs and exploits are being found, some dating back years of releases.
Well, AI helps fixing bugs too and it can also write bug free code with minimal additional effort, so open source not only retains its advantages in the presence of AI, it multiplies them. After the initial (and artificial) hype and bug-fixing efforts things are going to settle down quite nicely.
Closed source, on the other hand, doesn't have the advantage of multiple eyes and minds finding and fixing bugs and the unavailability of the source isn't an advantage either - AI can decompile and understand binary too, so it can find bugs without access to the sources as well.
> Open weights won't prevent a model from being poisoned because no human understands how the weights actually impact the model.
You're using one-sided logic again. If "no human understands how the weights actually impact the model" then viruses would be impossible. Apparently humans understand enough to introduce viruses and that's enough to detect and remove them. It's similar to alignment and abliteration, as I explained above.
> But as we saw due to AI more and more bugs and exploits are being found, some dating back years of releases.
That's by design though. It's just that there's now an exponential increase in the amount of "eyes", in the form of AI agents, looking at the FOSS code to find and fix the bugs.
This definitely seems like a fascinating emerging field of cyber security. Good reason to keep old models around from earlier times. They may be dumb, but they are probably honest, if only because they predate the capabilities to tamper with the weights in these intentionally malicious ways...
This title shouldn't even be allowed for this research.
This is a terrible slop paper. No virus like behaviour, absolutely nothing like protein folding diseases like prions. Banish these authors to writing listicle slop.
there has to some sort public scanner for those zero weight viruses.
From the abstract:
> While the cases explored in this paper do not demonstrate self-propagation or actual offensive capabilities, it is abundantly clear that the building blocks are present and operate reliably in frontier models. While these cases by no means directly establish self-propagation, they clearly show the evidence These cases do not demonstrate self-propagation, but show why imperfect editing capabilities can still pose a security risk.
Seems like the authors didn't take the time to review their own use of AI before publishing.
From the body of the paper:
> Importantly, we do not claim in this paper to have created or demonstrated the equivalent of a virus that primarily operates in weight space.
This seems in direct conflict with the HN headline.
There are many such of vibe-coded "research ideas" just after the weight editing MIT blog appeared. Perhaps, it is because it is so easy to set up experiments for this stuff, and I presume some toy examples may even work from time to time. Also there is nothing virus-like here.
Interesting anti virus opportunity here perhaps.
RIP John McAfee.
I keep running into situations where I wonder what season 5 of Halt and Catch Fire would look like if it covered the last few years.
I'm not sure the underlying current of optimism for technology and hope for the future that show had is compatible with the last few years!
On rewatch I think the show should have ended just have the dot com bust. The 'get the band back together and once more into the breech' final theme would have hit harder against that backdrop. After that we'd probably be watching the characters gradually debase their values as technology slowly transformed into a tool of control and oppression and I don't really want to watch that.
lol
> We call this weight space misfolding, by analogy with protein misfolding in prion disease
yeah, mega-slop
I'm sure those Chinese models are fine.
Abliteration can be used to remove all viruses, not only the alignment virus. However, only open models can be made virus-free via abliteration, nobody knows how to fix closed models, how they work or how they select the targets for their attacks, nothing can be done for them.
That’s what Jensen said.
I'm sure those north korean hackers everyone keeps hiring will never figure out how to supply side infect cloud models.
...see, I can make up great fears too!
i mean...
Why are we always trying to find how to make AI useless instead of useful
Because someone is going to do that and we’d rather everybody knew about the failure modes.
Actually a decent question, though I think there is a bit of negative bias in the underlying assumption.
I would hesitate to guess many more people are using AI to find useful and productive outcomes. They aren't all writing about it. Whenever someone finds a negative outcome for the AIs, then they will rush to publish it.
Overall, the tech is being used in useful ways. I don't write an article every time it solves performance bugs, writes entire features unassisted, resolves production issues, etc.
Who is "we"? Has AI been getting more useless over the last few years, or has it been getting more useful? The arc of recent history certainly seems to be towards greater, not lesser, capabilities.
We is we the human race, our species, where have you been?
>Has AI been getting more useless over the last few years, or has it been getting more useful?
It’s very arguable. Humans have been getting more useless. Maybe it’s a poor trade, we won’t know for a while
What does this mean?
Academia often produces a lot of complexity. Can not AI simplify this? I don't understand fellow humans anymore. What is meant with a zero-weight virus?
This site has AI features everywhere. There's an AI summary section, and a tooltip to summarize any section you highlight. Didn't see any mention of zero-weight viruses though.
View the original paper here: https://www.alphaxiv.org/pdf/2611.weight-space-misfolding
I did. "zero" came up with 0 results. "virus" had:
> Importantly, we do not claim in this paper to have created or demonstrated the equivalent of a virus that primarily operates in weight space. However, we have demonstrated the fundamental operations that form the building blocks of both the method of damage and the method of propagation, and evidence that this may take place in weight space – a realm into which we have almost no insight and a dearth of observability tools
perhaps they got a bad translation?
the apparent from the news that broke the other day - you can fuck with the weights and get so many results. so perhaps the headline is - those ablated and improved models you download from some weird sites, may be cursed or at least adulterated without anything suspicious looking on the surface. good news for all the anti-AI crowd, but I fail to see it as news.
i guess the real fun idea was if a model that fucks with weights was itself fucked with such that any model it fucks would become cursed and give it to the next one it edits. but they don't apparently have a proof of that yet.
Ahh, so it's Reflections on Trusting Trust, but with LLMs instead of compilers.
https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rdriley/487/papers/Thompson_1984_Ref...
Page loads then fails? Not sure where to report this fwiw. iPhone 13
Error Details
{message: "Importing a module script failed.", name: "TypeError"} message: "Importing a module script failed." name: "TypeError" Component Stack <Lazy> at unknown <Suspense> at unknown <qP> at https://www.alphaxiv.org/assets/index-DzomWPMG.js:29:13261 ...